If, until the last 10,000 years, group sizes were in the dozens and individuals cooperated on a small-scale and rarely with strangers, then predispositions to cooperate with strangers based on arbitrary markers seem unnecessary, even costly. Under the diverse histories model, however, such psychological predispositions become more understandable. If humans lived in villages of more than a thousand individuals… then prosocial predispositions towards
in-group strangers make more evolutionary sense, especially if
groups developed markers of group membership.#
The longstanding view that low-mobility foragers are exceptional and that “social complexity” emerged with agriculture is no longer viable… As anthropologists have long appreciated, low-mobility and non- egalitarian foragers tend to emerge in environments with dense, rich, and predictable resources#
Many forager societies seem to have lost corporate group structure in recent historical memory. The Eastern Pomo, Copper Inuit, and !Kung are all coded in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample as lacking kin-based
corporate groups, yet each group seems to have lost more elaborate
social structure following interactions with states and other agricultural
societies.#
Given that Late Pleistocene humans likely lived in both poor- and high-quality habitats, researchers argue, recent forager societies are not representative of the total social diversity that likely characterized the Late Pleistocene#
A great number of theories have been offered as to the root of the difference between the modern mind and the premodern mind. One neglected account comes from Georg Simmel’s Philosophy of Money, which argues that the rise of the mass money economy in the early modern era encouraged calculative . . .