Individuals do not act so as to maximize utilities described in
independently-existing functions. They confront genuine choices, and the sequence of decisions taken may be conceptualized,
ex post, in terms of ‘as if’ functions that are maximized. But these ‘as if’ functions are themselves generated in the choosing process, not separately from such process. If viewed in this perspective, there is no means by which even the most idealized omniscient designer could duplicate the results of voluntary interchange.
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